1.
Compound sentence
Dalam simple sentence, kita hanya mempunyai satu subject dan satu
predicate. Simple sentence berupa satu main clause (induk kalimat). Compoun
sentence adalah dua atau lebih simple sentence yang digabungkan dengan
menggunakan for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, and so atau kalau disingkat menjadi FAN BOYS
Dengan demikian compound sentence adalah kalimat yang terdiri dari:
1.
lebih dari satu simple sentence atau
2.
kalimat yang bisa dibagi menjadi beberapa kalimat
sederhana (simple sentence).
Coordinating conjunction menghubungkan kalimat-kalimat sederhana (simple
sentence menjadi satu kesatuan. Berikut adalah tiga coordinating conjunction
yang sering dipakai dalam kalaimat sehari-hari. Sedangkan lainnya akan
diberikan secara sekilas.
Example:
A.
Dengan and
We take in supplies and
collect mail from Anna Head. (Joyce Dingwell, 1978: 18)
Asal mula kalimat di atas adalah:
We take in supplies dan
We collect mail from Anna Head.
Karena subject kedua kalimat di atas sama, maka ketika dihubungkan
dengan coordinating conjunction (kata hubung penyetara) subject ke dua dan
seterusnya dibuang. Perhatikan kalimat berikut:
a.
Mole just got up, Ǿ pushed Rat of the way and Ǿ took
the oars (3 clauses)
(Dennis Freeborn: 1995:282).
b.
Anna got up, Ǿ hurriedly changed into her skirt and
over blouse, Ǿ splashed her face with water, Ǿ outlined some lipstick, and Ǿ ran
a comb through her hair. (5 clauses) (Joyce Dingwell, 1978:23)
v Apabila kita tulis dengan sempurna kalimat a akan menjadi:
Mole just got up, he pushed Rat of the way and he
took the oars
v Sedangkan kalimat ke dua menjadi
Anna got up and Anna hurriedly changed into her
skirt and over blouse, Anna splashed her face with water, Anna
outlined some lipstick, and Anna ran a comb through her hair.
Bagian kalimat yang
bisa dihubungkan dengan kata hubung penyetara tadi adalah semua bagian kalimat
yang kedudukannya sama, yaitu subject dengan subject, predikat dengan predikat,
object dengan dan lain-lain.
Contoh:
No
|
Pasangan kalimat
|
Kalimat majemuk
|
Keterangan
|
1
|
1.
Mirwan opens the book.
2.
Mirwan reads the book.
|
Mirwan opens and reads the book.
|
V + V
|
2
|
3.
Mirwan reads a book
4.
Rifai reads a book
|
Mirwan and Rifai read a book.
|
S + S
|
3
|
5.
Mirwan buys a book
6.
Mirwan buys a pen
|
Mirwan buys a book and a pen
|
O + O
|
4
|
7.
Jane is diligent
8.
Jane is clever
|
Jane is diligent and clever
|
C + C
|
5
|
9.
Jane is at home
10.
Yana is at home
|
Jane and Yana are at home
|
S + S
|
Kata-kata lain yang sepadan dengan ‘and’ adalah: moreover,
in addition to, along with, plus, as well as, further more
1.
My mother
buys apples
My
mother buys oranges
2.
Vina wake
up at 05.00 am
Amel
wake up at 05.00 am
3.
Tina and
Tini go to Jogja
4.
Ronaldo
and messi play chess
5.
6.
Tom and Harry play hockey.
7. A lion and a fox live in this cave.
8. We need some gloves and a ball in addition to bats.
9. The soldiers rose moreover they cheered the leader.
10. We found the thief along with the bags.
11. The gurgling stream along with the howling wind added to the
charm of the place.
B.
Dengan but
Kata hubung but mengandung makna kontras atau
berlawanan.
Perhatikan kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini:
a.
Rat looked for Mole all over the house, but
Ǿ couldn’t find him
b.
Iwan heard my
call, but Ǿ gave me no answer.
c.
Human beings are ordered to be obedient to Alloh but Ǿ
deny Alloh’s order, Ǿ brake Alloh’s law, and Ǿ oppose Him.
Apabila kalimat-kalimat di atas ditulis ulang secara sempurna, akan
menjadi:
a.
Rat looked for Mole all over the house, but
he couldn’t find him.(Dennis Freeborn: 1995:282).
b.
Iwan heard my
call, but he gave me no answer.
c.
Human beings are ordered to be obedient to Alloh but they
deny Alloh’s order, they brake Alloh’s law, and they oppose Him.
Kata-kata lain seperti : nevertheless, yet, however,
bias digunakan untuk menggantikan'but'.
Contoh:
1. He ran, but he missed the bus.
2. She studied hard but could not score well in the
test.
3. The hill was very steep but the old man could climb it
easily.
4. Sharon fell from the horse nevertheless she did not
cry.
5. The lion was hungry yet it did not attack Androcles.
6. He is from England however he speaks Chinese very well.
7. She is beautiful but naughty.
C.
Dengan or/nor
Kata penghubung lain yang biasa digunakan dalam kalimat majemuk
(compound sentence adalah or/nor. Or/nor menawarkan sebulah
pilihan. Perhatikan contoh kalimat di bawah ini:
a.
You can take pecel or you can take soto
for your breakfast.
b.
A. I haven’t met Ahmad anywhere at the campus.
B. He might be absent or he is going elsewhere.
c.
Susi doesn’t like to take bus nor taxi to go to work.
d.
Fasting is the time when we may not take any meal nor
any drink.
Pada kalimat a dan b di atas kata penghubung
or
menghubungkan clause-clause kalimat positip, sedangkan pada kalimat c
dan d
kata penghubung nor mengubungkan clause-clause negative. Kata coordinating
conjunction nor merupakan bentuk negatip dari or. Itu sebabnya apabila
kalimat majemuk atau compound sentence terdiri dari clause-clause negatip maka
coordinating conjunctionnya adalah nor.
Klausa-klausa dalm kalimat majemuk mempunyai status yang sama dan masing-masing adalah main clause
((Dennis Freeborn: 1995:282).
Contoh lain
- The dangers of smoking are well known, yet many people continue to smoke anyway.
2.
It's important to put your goals in
writing, but you must also be committed to achieving them
3.
An assignment notebook helps you stay
organized, so you should consider using one
4.
You will be able to see better if you
sit at the front of the classroom, and you will also be able to hear
better.
5.
He must have lost his key, for
he knocked on the door for us to let him in.
6.
The dictionary contains definitions of
words, and it also contains a great deal of other information
7.
The dictionary contains definitions of
words, but it also contains a great deal of other information
- Would you take a cup of tea or coffee?
- Shall we buy a book or a toy?
- Sit on the bench or on the grass.
- Are you tired or shall we go out for a walk?
- We can learn to talk English or we can depend on sign language.
|
1.
The bowl of squid eyeball stew is hot and delicious.
2.
The squid eyeball stew is so thick that you can eat it
with a fork or spoon.
3.
Rocky, my orange tomcat, loves having his head
scratched but hates getting his
claws trimmed.
4.
Rocky terrorizes the poodles next door yet adores the German shepherd across the
street.
5.
Rocky refuses to eat dry cat food, nor will he touch a saucer of squid
eyeball stew.
6.
I hate to waste a single drop of squid eyeball stew, for it is expensive and time-consuming
to make.
7.
Even though I added cream to the squid
eyeball stew, Rocky ignored his serving, so
I got a spoon and ate it myself.
|
I.
Dalam kalimat berikut, tunjukkan: (a) mana klausa-klausa, (b) coordinating
conjunction, (c) dan bagian kalimat yang bisa dibuang atau berikah kata
penghubungnya bagi kalimat yang belum ada kata penghubungnya:
a)
Fatimah lives there and
Ǿ is a good friend of mine.
b)
Spelling is hard for many people but
there
are techniques for improving spelling.
c)
Tony is an excellent student so
Ǿ
received a scholarship.
d)
Diana is a house wife but
all house work is done by her husband.
e)
You have to take this. Or
Ǿ will regret forever.
f)
Dedy cannot continue his study, for his parents
are getting financial difficulty.
g)
The library is a quiet place to study. But many students
prefer to study at home
h)
Some rivers endanger the housings. So many
people are working to protect them.
i)
All human beings want to enter paradise, yet only
some of them conduct good deed.
j)
Wear your seatbelt or
Ǿ
might be injured.
|
II. Gabungkan pasangan kalimat berikut dengan coordinating conjunction yang sesuai untuk membentuk kalimat compound sentence. Hanya ada satu coordinating conjunction yang bisa digunakan dalam tiap kalimat.
1.
It
rained for three days. The streets in my neighborhood flooded.
It rained for three days so the streets
in my neighborhood flooded.
2.
I
got to ball practice late. I forgot to set my alarm.
I got to ball practice late for I forgot
to set my alarm
3.
Kyle
completed his homework. He put it in his binder.
Kyle completed his homework and he put
it in his binder.
4.
Luke
mowed the lawn. He earned ten dollars.
Luke mowed the lawn so he earned ten
dollars.
Luke worked hard so earned ten dollars
5.
I
stayed up late last night. I am tired today.
I stayed up late last night so I am
tired today.
6.
Neil
doesn't like seafood. He doesn't like cabbage.
Neil doesn’t like seafood nor cabbage.
7.
My
pencil was broken. I borrowed one from Jake.
My pencil was broken so I borrowed one
from Jake.
8.
I
like apples. I like pears more.
I like apples but I like pears more.
9.
Eight
people got into the elevator so It was crowded.
___________________________________________________________________
10.
Three
people got off so Georgia gathered the pictures.
___________________________________________________________________
2.
Complex sentence
Complex sentence adalah kalimat yang terdiri dari satu main clause
(induk kalimat dan satu atu lebih anak kalimat (Dennis Freeborn: 1995:282).
Complex sentence selalu mempunyai subordinator seperti because, since,
after, although, when atau sebuah relative
pronoun seperti that, who, atau
which
Dalam
contoh kalimat berikut subjects dicetak tebal dan miring, verbs dicetak miring,
dan subordinators dan komanya dicetak
tebal.
A.
When he
handed
in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher
the last page.
B.
The teacher
returned
the homework after she
noticed
the error.
C.
The students
are
studying because they
have
a test tomorrow.
D.
After they
finished
studying, Juan
and Maria went to the movies.
E.
Juan and Maria went
to the movies after they
finished
studying.
Contoh lain:
1.
The dog barks whenever its master comes.
2.
The students are reading book in the library because
the teacher is absent.
3.
Although it rains heavily, the farmers go to the field.
4.
I will get married as soon as I am
graduated from my study.
5.
This machine will stop working only when
the fuel runs out.
6.
I would have finished the work if the
electricity was not disrupted.
7.
You must be able to speak in English well if
you learn it seriously.
8.
COMPLEX SENTENCES dengan adjective CLAUSES
Kalimat yang mengandung adjective
clause juga dianggap sebagai complex sentence karena kalimat ini terdiri dari
satu independent clause satu dependent clause. Dalam kalimat berikut independent
clauses diberi garis bawah.
- The man who came here yesterday is my uncle
- The woman whose daughter is very beautiful is my mother.
- The man who walks with walking stick is my grandfather.
- The campus which is located on Jl A. Yani has many faculties.
- The man who has smiling face teaches math.
- I don’t like a person who talk much but do less.
- Do you know the person whom I gave my address?
Exercise 1.
Tentukan
independent clauses dan subordinate
clauses dalam kalimat berikut.
- Jason decided to stay up late because he had a lot of homework to do.
independent clauses :
__________________________________________
subordinate clauses :
__________________________________________
- If you hurry, we might get to school on time.
independent clauses :
__________________________________________
subordinate clauses :
__________________________________________
- Although she had a cold, Monica went to school to take her test.
independent clauses :
__________________________________________
subordinate clauses :
__________________________________________
- While washing the car, Dave slipped on the soap.
independent clauses :
__________________________________________
subordinate clauses :
__________________________________________
- After we arrived at the party, Dana put on some music.
independent clauses :
__________________________________________
subordinate clauses :
__________________________________________
- As his heart pounded with dread, Ben bolted up the stairs to check out the strange noise.
independent clauses :
__________________________________________
subordinate clauses :
__________________________________________
- Molly baked brownies since she had nothing else to do.
independent clauses :
__________________________________________
subordinate clauses :
__________________________________________
- When I discovered a mouse in my locker, I almost passed out.
independent clauses :
__________________________________________
subordinate clauses :
__________________________________________
- You’ll never pass that class until you decide to study more often.
independent clauses :
__________________________________________
subordinate clauses :
__________________________________________
Cermati kalimat-kalimat berikut:
Observe the use of connectors in
these sentences.
1.
Lydia likes to sing and dance
when she is happy.
- We can paint our house red or white but we must select a good painter.
- Harry is intelligent however he is lazy. He must wake up or he will regret it.
- I left the party because I was bored, moreover it was quite late.
- He was sad and tired along with being very hungry when a wizard appeared and offered him food however he laid down some conditions.
- He is cheerful though he has worked the whole day.
- I allowed him in as I thought he was a friend but he tried to rob me.
- You will do well if you study hard.
- My daughters either watch TV or sleep on Sundays.
- Susan is very fat but very active.
- I met by friend in the park and invited her to tea.
- A student must obey or he may leave.
- Jane and Peter have been chosen to receive the guest.
- After the trip Sam came to work but he was very tired.
- Bring some sandwiches or you will be hungry.
- They jumped over the stream and ran home.
- The dog ran after the rabbit but could not catch him.
- My aunt is ill so I will visit her tomorrow.
- The show started as soon as the chief guest arrived.
- You will enjoy the concert since you love music.
- This horse will take you to the village you even if he is tired.
- He was rowing the boat while I slept.
- The bridge fell though it was made of stones.
- You will pass if you work hard.
- He will not try unless he is forced to.
- We will come after we complete the work.
- The old man cared for the puppy as though she was his baby.
Exercise 3
Read the pairs of sentences that follow. The first version
coordinates the two ideas. The second version subordinates one idea to
emphasize the other. Identify the conjunction aAnd determine whether they are
compound, complex or may be compound complex.
8.
To survive the fetal pig dissection,
Rinalda agreed to make all of the incisions, and Frances promised to remove and
label the organs.
9.
To survive the fetal pig dissection,
Rinalda agreed to make all of the incisions if Frances would promise to remove
and label the organs.
10.
Diana stared dreamily at the
handsome Mr. McKenzie, but Olivia, who hated economics, furiously jiggled her
foot, impatient to escape the boring class.
11.
While Diana was staring dreamily at
the handsome Mr. McKenzie, Olivia furiously jiggled her foot, impatient to
escape the boring economics class that she hated.
12.
At a red light, Maria jumped out of
Gino's car and slammed the door, for she could not tolerate one more minute of
the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the stereo.
13.
At a red light, Maria jumped out of
Gino's car and slammed the door because she could not tolerate one more minute of
the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the stereo.
14.
Making an A in Anatomy and
Physiology has not helped Sima choose a career. She might decide to make her
parents happy and go to medical school, or she might use her knowledge of the human
body to become a sculptor.
- Making an A in Anatomy and Physiology has not helped Sima choose a career. Although she might decide to make her parents happy and go to medical school, she might also use her knowledge of the human body to become a sculptor.
- Kyle refused to eat the salad served with the meal, nor would he touch any green vegetable put on his plate.
- After Kyle refused the salad served with the meal, he then would not touch the green vegetables put on his plate.
- Joe spent seven hours studying calculus at the Mexican diner, so now he can set his math book on fire with his salsa breath.
- Since Joe spent seven hours studying calculus at the Mexican diner, he can now set his math book on fire with his salsa breath.
- Because she gets seasick, Danielle is dreading the spring break cruise, yet she might enjoy herself once she realizes how many cute guys in skimpy bathing suits parade the decks.
- Even though Danielle is dreading getting seasick on the spring break cruise, she will probably enjoy herself once she realizes how many cute guys in skimpy bathing suits parade the decks.
- Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to know that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex.
Compound
sentence is a construction of two (or more) main subjects and two (or more)
main predicates. Each of them has their own idea which are connected using a
conjunction.
and
|
|
Sentence or S P S P
nor
yet
A compound
sentence is made by joining two independent clauses together with a
conjunction.
Some examples:
John bought some new shoes, and he wore
them to a party.
Lydia liked her new house, but she didn't
like the front yard.
We can go see a movie, or we can get
something to eat.
Notice that in
each example, there is a subject and a verb in each independent clause. These
sentences can be changed by removing the subject:
John bought some new shoes and wore them to
a party.
Lydia liked her new house but not the front
yard.
We can go see a movie or get something to
eat.
These are still
good sentences, but by removing the subject from one part of them, they are no
longer compound sentences.
Compound
sentences are often formed with these coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for,
or, nor, yet, so, and ; (the semi-colon).
Here are some
more examples of compound sentences:
1. The two women
washed the dishes, and then the man dried them.
2. He doesn't like
to get his teeth cleaned, but he knows that it's necessary.
3. The apples
weren't selling very well, so he decided to have a sale.
Exercise 1
Combine
the following simple sentences to create a compound sentence.
1.
It rained for three days. The streets in my
neighborhood flooded.
2.
I got to ball practice late. I forgot to set my alarm.
3.
Kyle completed his homework. He put it in his binder.
4.
Luke mowed the lawn. He earned ten dollars.
5.
I stayed up late last night. I am tired today.
6.
Neil doesn't like seafood. He doesn't like cabbage.
7.
My pencil was broken. I borrowed one from Jake.
8.
I like apples. I like pears more.
9.
Eight people got into the elevator. It was crowded.
Three people got off.
10.
Georgia gathered the pictures. She could arrange them
in a special album.
Choose the best answer
1.
Saturday
was going to be a busy day, so everyone _ _ _ retire early Friday night.
A.
decided
B.
decision
C.
decided
to
D.
make
a decision
2.
Soon
after the game began, the catcher fell and _ _ _ an arm.
A.
held
B.
broke
C.
hurts
D.
turned
3.
The
_ _ _ sector was left to languish, while manufacturing and finance received
strong support from the government.
A.
culture
B.
accurate
C.
accomplished
D.
agricultural
4.
The
piece of equipment was _ _ _ and could not cross the bridge without causing
serious damage.
A.
oversize
B.
powerful
C.
magnified
D.
especially
5.
The
car gave out on the highway and _ _ _
towed.
A.
had
to be
B.
has
to be
C.
needs
to be
D.
was
meant to be
Complex Sentence
Complex sentence
is a construction of one independent clause and one (or more) dependent
clause. A dependent clause also has a
subject and a predicate but has an incomplete idea. It has to be attached to an
independent clause to complete the meaning.
|
sentence S P
S P
|
S
P
S P O
|
They
went out although it was raining.
S P
S
P C
A dependent
clause can function as a noun (noun clause), and adjective (adjective clause),
and an adverb (adverb clause).
Dalam memahami
independent caluse dan dependent clause, kita perlu memahami tentang clause itu
sendiri
Clause is a
group of words that has both a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone
as sentence. A clause forms a part of a sentence
(subordinate).
Noun Clause
Noun clause is a
subordinate clause that functions as a noun within a sentence. Therefore, a
noun clause occupies the positions of subject, object, or complement.
Read and compare
the examples below!
-
It was interesting. (pronoun)
-
The old story was interesting. (noun
phrase)
-
What grandma told me was interesting. (noun clause)
Noun clause can
function as:
 |
||||||
 |
||||||
 |
||||||
 |
||||||
The
subordinators in noun clause are called noun clause markers. They are:
-
Wh-words : what,
when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why, how
-
Wh-ever words : whatever,
whenever, wherever, whoever, however
-
Whether / if
-
That
To change statement to a noun clause using ‘that’
|
+ = That
he failed the exam shocked me.
|
To change a ‘yes/no’ question to a noun clause using ‘if/whether’
|
+ = Whether
he will come to my party confuses me.
|
To change a ‘wh-question’ to a noun clause using ‘wh-word’
|
+ = What he said surprised me.
|
Statement word
order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question.
Learn the
examples below:
Wrong
|
Correct
|
||||||||||
Do you know what
time is it?
 |
Do you know what time it is?
|
||||||||||
Wrong
|
Correct
|
||||||||||
I don’t know where
did he go.
 |
I don’t know where
he went.
|
||||||||||
In a sentence
containing a noun clause, it must be considered on the sequence of tenses.
There are some rules in the tense sequence.
Sequence of
tenses in noun clause:
1.
When the main clause is present, the verb of the noun clause is:
Future (if the action is later)
He thinks that the exam next week will be difficult.
He thinks that the exam
next week is going to be difficult.
Present (if the action is in the same time)
He thinks that Jane is taking the exam right now.
Past (if the action is earlier)
He thinks that John took the exam yesterday.
2.
When the main clause is past, the verb of the noun clause is:
Was/were + going to (if the action is later)
He thought that the
next week exam was going to be hard.
Would + V.o (if the action is later)
He thought that the
next week exam would be hard.
Past
(if the action is in the same time)
He thought that Jane was taking the exam then.
Past
perfect if the action is earlier.
He thought that John had taken the exam the day before.
3.
If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the
future
(that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future
verb can be used even if the main verb is past.
The astronaut said that people will
live on other planets someday
4.
If the action/state of the noun clause continues in
the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the
sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple
present tense can be used even if the main verb is past.
We learned that English is not easy.
The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.
Examples of
sentence containing non clause as a subject:
1.
That George learned how to swim is a miracle.
2.
Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.
3.
What Katie said confused her parents.
4.
However you learn to spell is always fine
with me.
5.
How the budget got in the project is still a
mystery.
Change
the statements and questions below into noun clause of your own sentences!
Ex: What is his name?
I want to know what his name is
1.
Where is the hospital?
2.
Mary lives with her grandma in the small house.
3.
How far is Plymouth to Bristol?
4.
Everybody must speak in English in the class.
5.
When is the spectacular show going to be held?
Complete each
sentence with a properly formed noun clause:
1. John asked me
________________.
A.
where was his wallet
B.
where his wallet was
C.
his wallet was where
D.
his wallet where was
2. I couldn't tell him
________________.
A.
where was I
B.
where I was
C.
I was where
D.
Was I where
3. I don't know ________________.
A.
how many children he has
B.
how many chidren does he have
C.
how many he has children
D.
how many children has he
4. ________________ is not important.
A.
How close we are
B.
How close are we
C.
How we close are
D.
How are we close
5. ________________ was sad.
A.
What did she say
B.
What she said
C.
why She said
D.
why did she say
6. We are not responsible for
________________.
A.
what our children say
B.
who our children say
C.
when our children say
D.
where our children say
7. Is it true ________________
about you?
A.
what did he say
B.
what he said
C.
what he did say
D.
what said he
8. I'm not going to tell you
________________.
A.
what should you do
B.
what you should do
C.
what do you should do
D.
what you should
9. I wonder if ________________
from Germany.
A.
is he
B.
he is
C.
does he
D.
he does
10. The teacher told us
________________ our finished exams.
A.
where we should leave
B.
where should we leave
C.
who we should leave
D.
what we should leave
Adjective Clause
Adjective clause
functions as the adjective of a sentence. It is often named relative clause and
functions as the modifier of the noun. It always follows the non it modifies.
An adjective
clause is attached on independent clause using a marker, named: relative pronoun (Unit II).
A complex
sentence with an adjective clause must be formed by two sentences with two
similar nouns that are repeated.
The steps to
form a complex sentence containing an adjective clause:
1.
There must be two sentences with similar nouns.
The
book is on the table.
I like the
book.
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2.
Omit one of the nouns and change it with the relative
pronoun preceding the sentence that will be formed as a clause (second
sentence)
The
book is on the table.
I like the
book which
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3.
Move the relative pronoun to the front place.(clause)
Which I like
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4.
Put the clause right after the noun in the first
sentence.
The
book which I like
is on the table.
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The most common relative
pronouns used in adjective clause are:
which, who, whom, whose, when,
where, that
Learn the charts
below to combine an adjective clause and independent clause:
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The man whose
wallet I found is happy.
|
 |
 I will never
forget the day when I graduated.
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It can also be combined as:
I will never forget the
day on which I graduated.
I will never forget the
day that I graduated.
I will never forget the
day I graduated.
 |
 The building
where he works is new.
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It can also be combined as:
The building in
which he works is new.
The building which he works in is new.
The building that he works in is new.
Adjective clause
can be reduced and formed to be a phrase if the subjects of the clauses are the
same.
To reduce the
adjective clause, the relative pronoun and the auxiliary verbs must be omitted.
The verb is changed into present participle (V.ing) for the active sentence,
and into past participle (V.3) for the passive sentence.
Look at the
examples below:
Active : The man who is wearing a hat has a new car.
The man wearing a hat has a new car.
The man who is responsible did not
appear.
The man responsible did not appear.
Passive: The man that was invited to the meeting declined.
The man invited to the meeting declined.
John applied for the job
that was advertised in the
paper.
John applied for the job
advertised in the paper.
However, if the
subjects are from different nouns, the adjective clause cannot be reduced.
The novels are due today. The novels that I checked out are
I
checked the novels out. due
today.
The clause “that
I checked out” cannot be reduced because the subject of the sentence is “The
novels” and the predicate is not “checked out” instead “are”.
Exercise
Choose
the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences!
1.
It is said he was a man, ……. to have the vision of an
eagle and courage of a lion.
A.
who appeared C.
that appears
B.
he appeared D.
and appears
2.
Before Johnson & Smith reached great heights in
the business world, ….. encountered many great difficulties.
A.
they C.
which
B.
who D. and
3.
After the discovery of the abandoned getaway vehicle,
….. believed to be hiding in the forest region.
A.
that the bank robber is C. the bank robber is
B.
the bank robber who D.
the bank robber who is
4.
A gifted scientist, Newton ….. some of the fundamental
laws in history of science.
A.
keeps discovering C.
the discoverer of
B.
who discovered D.
discovered
5.
George Washington once said that ….. have virtue
enough to withstand the highest bidder.
A.
few men C.
few are the men
B.
the few men D.
the men are few
6.
In France, only family has the right to decide what
….. or not known about the health of a patient.
A.
must know C.
must have known
B.
must be known D.
must have been known
7.
After much criticism, the politician ….. his
controversial statement of the previous day.
A.
quickly retracted C.
quickly be retracting
B.
quickly retracted to D.
quickly have been retracted
8.
The vague and misleading instructions ….. in two
entirely opposite ways.
A.
could interpreted C.
could been interpreted
B.
could interpreting D.
could have been interpreted
9.
The beginning of the Symbolist movement in art ……
having begun in the late 1980s.
A.
regarded C.
is regarded as
B.
is regarded D.
being to regard as
10. The judges had an extremely hard time deciding ….. .
A.
Painting who was the best C. who’s painting was the best
B.
the best painting was who D. whose painting was the best
Identify
the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten!
1.
This new service will be availably to all users that signed
up for paid
membership.
2.
That is a story of hardship that putting on
our own situation into perspective.
3.
John Smith, who was accused of economic
crimes, tax evasion and fraud, is
been accused at attempted murder now.
4.
The processes uses an innovative digital technology that imprints the
products
with as many colors as the image contains.
5.
The police were greatly outnumbered by rioters,
whom figures ran into the
hundreds.
6.
In spite of to get the highest result in the class, Greg still had problems
with
the teacher.
7.
That air is composed of about 78% nitrogen and only
about 21% oxygen, is a
few known fact on the streets.
8.
However he was seen to be an aggressive politician, he was a
quiet and loving
family man at home.
9.
Why the variable drops by a unit of 1, the rank dropped by X amount.
10. This method is widely used because its algorithm is not
only effective but also
very simply.
Adverb Clause
Adverb clause
functions as an adverb in a sentence and is related to the independent clause
as for time, cause-effect, contrast,
and condition.
An adverb clause
is attached to independent clause using a marker, which is called a
subordinating conjunction, such as:
Time
|
Cause-effect
|
Contrast
|
Condition
|
After
Before
when
while
as
by the time
whenever
since
until
as soon as
once
as long as
|
Because
Since
Now that
As
As long as
Inasmuch as
So (that)
In order that
|
Although
Even though
Though
Whereas
While
|
If
Unless
Only if
Whether or not
Even if
Providing (that)
Provided (that)
In case
In the event (that)
|
Learn the charts
below to combine an adverb clause and independent clause:
|
   Although he
couldn’t swim, Bill jumped off the pier. |
||
|
|
  After he took
lessons, George could drive well. |
||
George could
drive well after he took lessons.
|
|
Because he couldn’t swim,
Fred drowned.
|
Fred drowned because he
couldn’t swim.
|
|
Adverb clause
can be reduced and formed to be a phrase if the subject of the adverb clause is
the same as the independent clause.
To reduce the
adverb clause, the subject must be omitted and the verb is changed into present
participle (V.ing) for the active sentence, and into past participle (V.3) for
the passive sentence.
Look at the
examples below:
Active: After we sang two songs, we did
a dance.
After singing two songs, we did a dance.
Passive: When it is completed, the building will be used as
warehouse.
When completed, the building will be used as
a warehouse.
Whenever the
adverb clause is a reason and preceded by “because”, the subordinate
conjunction “because” is omitted and changed with “have”. The subject only uses
one of the two.
Look at the
example below:
Because the cabinet has
been made by hand, it is very expensive.
Have been made by hand, the cabinet is very expensive.
Whenever the
adverb clause is a contrast, the subject and verb are omitted.
Look at the
example below:
Although she was
hurt, Claudia managed to smile.
Although hurt, Claudia managed to smile.
Exercise
Read the passage
and answer the following questions!
The amphetamines are a group of
synthetic drugs with slight chemical differences among them. They include
amphetamine (Benzedrine or “bennies”), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine or “
dexies”), and methampethamine (Methedrine or “meth” or “speed”). People have
been using and misusing amphetamines for a variety of purposes since they were
introduced almost fifty years ago. Benzedrine was sold over the counter through
the 1940’s, in an aromatic form used to clear stuffy noses. From the 1940’s on,
use of amphetamines in pill form began to spread. Dieters used them, thinking
they were an easy route to weight loss; students used them to stay awake in
all-night cramming sessions; truck drivers used them when they were struggling
to stay awake during long overnight hauls.
1.
Amphetamines, people have been using and misusing
for a variety of purposes, were introduced … years ago.
A.
over forty nine
B.
since fifty
C.
before fifty
D.
none of the above
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2.
Benzedrine in an aromatic form was used for ….
A.
measuring high blood pressure
B.
calculating drugs
C.
clearing severe injuries
D.
clearing stuffy noses
|
3.
The use of amphetamines in pill form began to
spread in ….
A.
the 1950s
B.
the 1940s
C.
1950
D.
none of the above
|
4.
“… since they were introduced almost fifty years
ago.”
the underlined word refers to ….
A.
benzedrine
B.
amphetamines
C.
pills
D.
dieters
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5.
From the 1940s on, use of amphetamines in pill
form began to spread. The word spread has the similar meaning with….
A.
rank
B.
revive
C.
revolt
D.
extend
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